Polyester vs polypropylene capacitor. What is a polyester film capacitor? Polyester film capacitors are film capacitors using a dielectric made of the thermoplastic polar polymer material polyethylene terephthalate (PET), trade names Hostaphan or Mylar, from the polyester family. Polycarbonate is better yet. Jun 12, 2025 · The most common dielectric materials used in the construction of plastic film capacitors are polypropylene and polyester. Jun 5, 2015 · Alternatively there are cheaper metalized film capacitors with polypropylene or polyester. Do you have a schematic? Tom A polyester capacitor can serve as a blocking and bypassing component, a decoupling component, and a noise suppressing component. Jan 5, 2010 · I recently ordered some ERSE Poly Caps to re fresh my Cornwall 2's. 5% or more. There are more chemical and physical differences, but our intention for this post today is to explain how the differences effect those of you who wish to craft with either material. And polypropylene capacitors are used in high-frequency ac applications. Jul 2, 2024 · Introduction to Mylar Capacitors and Their Distinctive Properties Mylar capacitors, also known as polyester film capacitors, are a type of capacitor that utilizes mylar (polyethylene terephthalate) as the dielectric material between the conductive plates. Metalized Polyester Capacitors Started by JRM, December 17, 2010, 06:35:49 AM Previous topic - Next topic Sep 1, 2010 · Basically, everyone who's knowledgable about the subject hates the idea of ceramic capacitors in audio circuits. or should I just get bigger/better caps Nov 1, 2011 · Dielectrics Within the film portfolio, they are broken out into various film dielectric properties. Is there evidence for a best replacement type considering performance and reliability? Sep 10, 2024 · Polyester Film Capacitors vs Ceramic Capacitors Polyester film capacitors and ceramic capacitors are two common types of capacitors used in electronic circuits. Nov 14, 2010 · capacitors by ronman » Tue Nov 22, 2011 10:39 pm Can I use mallory polyester film capacitors on a express build or should I use the orange drop. Polyester types are utilized at low voltages, while polypropylene typically exhibits the lowest losses and highest reliability Sep 3, 2021 · The primary difference between polyester and polypropylene is that polypropylene is non-absorbent and better at wicking moisture than polyester. Polypropylene and Polystyrene generate next to zero distortion, but Polyester caps can create some nasty midrange distortion if used in the audio path. 7uf 50v wima cap in the input circuit of an amp. They offer several advantages over electrolytic capacitors, including higher voltage ratings, lower leakage current, and longer lifespan. The ERSE Poly Caps are availiable in 250, 400, and 630VDC. While both serve similar functions, they have distinct characteristics that make them suitable for different purposes. Polyester also has good temperature Apr 3, 2024 · Polypropylene and polyester capacitors are two common types of capacitors used in various electronic applications. Dec 2, 2004 · capacitors - Metalized Polyester Film vs. They are manufactured both as metallized wound and stacked versions, as well as film/foil types. 0082 uF, 50V, 2%, polypropylene- a common and inexpensive polypropylene from Digikey (discontinued) Acushnet, 0. Mar 13, 2025 · My options at the moment are either a Multilayer Monolithic Ceramic Capacitor of the same value, a 5% Polyester Film/Foil Box Type Capacitor, or a 5% Polypropylene Film/Foil Box Type Capacitor which unfortunately I only have in 33pF value (although it might be close enough for my needs). I'm blessed with ears that enjoy whatever is cheapest. I only have 5mm approximate for the connections of terminals. <P>Polypropylene has slightly lower dissipation factor than Mylar but is physically larger. Capacitors Basics & Technologies Open Course Film and Foil Organic Dielectric Capacitors POLYESTER CAPACITORS PET / KT and MKT C 2. Apr 5, 2011 · Orange Drop is a generic term and they come in two flavors: polypropylene and polyester. These include high dielectric constant (allowing them to achieve the highest capacitance per unit volume of metal-lized film-type capacitors DC FILM CAPACITORS FOR POWER ELECTRONICS AN OVERVIEW Film capacitors are widely used in power electronics applications including but not limited to DC Link, DC output fltering, and as IGBT snubbers. Film Capacitor typically denotes polyester or polymer film as the dielectric as another answer points out, metallized film capacitors are the same thing: A metallic coating being applied to an extremely thin polymer film, to create the conducting electrodes of the capacitor. In this article, we'll delve into the differences between polypropylene and polyester capacitors to help you choose the right one for your needs. g. Polypropylene capacitors are used for high-frequency applications, while polyester capacitors are used for general uses. That said, if I'm looking Dec 25, 2023 · Polyester vs Polypropylene Capacitors We will explore the construction, properties, applications, and key differences between polyester and polypropylene capacitors in this article. The orange drop is a better cap than the Mallory, but not due to the polypropylene - it is film-and-foil, vs. Sep 26, 2018 · Polypropylene vs polyester vs polystyrene caps? What's better?Some people are cursed with ears that make different types of capacitors sound different in audio circuits. Initially, I ordered 250 volt caps. Understanding the differences between these capacitor types is crucial for selecting the most suitable component for specific applications. Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) is the Jun 2, 2023 · Polyester, also known as Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET, is one of the most commonly used dielectric materials in film capacitors, alongside polypropylene. The 6 elements of capacitors There are globally 6 main types of capacitors: electrolytic, ceramic, film, tantalum, polystyrene and silver-mica capacitors. Polyester Capacitor with Symbol As compared to other types, the capacitance of polyester capacitors has high for each unit volume that means high capacitance can fit into a small capacitor. Notice the high series resistance of the electrolytics compared to polypropylene. Ceramic has higher energy density than film (polyester) at the normal (low) voltages where normal circuits operate. Dec 17, 2010 · Polyester Film Foil vs. These will be the most common capacitors you’ll be using when building guitar effects pedals and will help you control all the filtering and tone shaping of your pedals. Aug 27, 2022 · Polyester and polypropylene capacitors differ primarily in their use. They suit various applications, including audio equipment, power supply filters, and timing circuits. Nov 1, 2023 · Polypropylene caps tend to be closer tolerance - so closer to the stated value than polyester caps too, so I'd always opt for those wherever possible. I'd suggest splurging on CDE WMF polyester film-and-foil capacitors from Mouser. Mar 20, 2010 · When using low values (0. Jul 21, 2024 · Polyester capacitors have higher distortion than polypropylene caps. Dec 27, 2006 · PTFE (teflon) > polystyrene > polypropylene > polycarbonate > polyester And always: foil > metal film Polystyrene is not used often nowadays because of the low melting point of polystyrene. 01 uF, 600V, 10%, polyester (Mylar)- a very typical axial polyester Component Research, 0. Foil capacitors are larger and Polystyrene Polypropylene Polyester (Mylar) Their popularity is in that order. Feb 13, 2010 · Apparently ordered Wima polyesters when I wanted polypropylene caps to replace the 1ufs for a recap of an NAD 7060. Polystyrene is even better. Polyester Film Started by amonte, December 02, 2004, 04:58:57 PM Previous topic - Next topic May 4, 2022 · Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) or Polyester? i believe, i have read Wima recommends "Polyethylene" for audio. Relative to polypropylene, polyester generally has a higher dielectric constant, lower dielectric strength, higher temperature tolerance, and higher dielectric losses. This is true for both tantalum electrolytic capacitors and aluminum electrolytic capacitors. there is also the 225 series which is polyester. Apr 16, 2012 · Re: Decoupling capacitors, poly-film vs. Mar 22, 2016 · I guess this has been asked many times before but I want to recap my tube amp it has a few decoupling caps and the input cap and what better to use polyester or polypropylene or maybe some others what are the main differences ? thanks. capacitor. The maximum high and delivers the lowest cost, a polypropylene capacitor in frequency sine wave voltage for smallest size capacitors with the parallel with a polyester spawns a 15 °C rise may be calculated bonus of being able to operate a temperature-compensated using the following formulas: to 125 °C at half rated voltage. Feb 5, 2004 · Thorsten, what film capacitors do you use? I googled the net for "film capacitors" and one site came up which is Electrocube. 1uF, 0. May 14, 2025 · The main difference between ceramic capacitors and film capacitors in terms of their internal composition is the way in which their dielectric material and electrodes are constituted. polypropylene or polyester, are the way to go, when you don't absolutely have to use an electrolytic. Other dielectrics used in the construction of film capacitors include polycarbonate, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), polyimide, and paper as discussed in next chapters in more details. but My question is if there is a difference in quality or sound of these two kind of polyester/polypropylene caps. These capacitors play an active role in electronic circuits by efficiently storing and releasing electrical energy with minimal losses. Polypropylene capacitors are used when a better tolerance is needed than what a polyester capacitor can provide. Polystyrene has a positive drift (capacitance goes up with higher temperatures) while Polypropylene has a negative drift (capacitance goes down with higher temperatures). Polypropylene is much better. This makes them a superior choice for high-frequency and low-dielectric absorption applications, such as in audio filtering circuits and high-power RF systems. Jan 9, 2025 · Various dielectric materials, including polyesters, polypropylene, and polycarbonate, exhibit distinct properties that cater to specific operations. polypropylene Hi, in the system I'm putting together, crossovers will be handled by the Alpine head unit. Polystyrene would be even better, electrically, but they don't usually come in large values, and, they tend to melt easily when soldered unless you heat Mar 23, 2006 · the ps series of caps is polyester up to 1000v --------then the higher voltage ratings are polypropylene. The primary distinction between polyester and polypropylene capacitors is their use. As far as polyester goes, I use AVX mulitlayer film caps and Vishay Sprague orange drop caps to replace standard grey ceramic discs that are in the signal path. They exhibit stable capacitance for frequencies below 100KHz. Although polyester has a greater dielectric constant almost 50% greater than polypropylene, a typical polypropylene capacitor will have am energy density 33% greater than polyester. You want the capacitor to be able to respond quickly and rebound perfectly or the sound, especially the high frequencies, will be blurred and distorted. The dielectric most often used is polypropylene because it has low dissipation factor (DF) that permits high AC currents with low self heating, and it performs well over the temperature range and Feb 14, 2008 · The polypropylene capacitors by comparison are fairly linear in capacitance with frequency and most have dissipation factors too low to reliably measure. Polyester is known for its high capacitance per unit volume. Why do polyesters cost 50-100 times as much as polypropylenes? What do they do better? Mylar and Polyester Film Capacitors have their own advantages and disadvantages. Construction […] Jan 14, 2012 · Hi. [1] A related component type is the power (film) capacitor. During 1980s, metallized film capacitors were introduced, which later became popular because… Jan 4, 2025 · Compare ceramic and polyester capacitors: their characteristics, applications, and which one is right for your project. May 11, 2020 · Understanding Film Capacitor, Polyester Capacitor, Mylar Capacitor, and Polypropylene Capacitor Before we proceed with our article, we need to understand the meaning behind the popular terminologies Film Capacitor, Polyester Capacitor, Mylar Capacitor, and Polypropylene Capacitor. Dec 25, 2023 · The polyester capacitor is used for general applications, while the polypropylene capacitor is used for high-frequency applications. Feb 6, 2025 · Polypropylene vs. The core difference between these capacitor types is the material used as the dielectric, and the proper dielectric must be chosen according to the application. metallized construction, which is a nice upgrade. 1uf values), or just using film & foils in a crossover (cost NOT a consideration)? I am presently using Northcreek Zen capacitors in my Heresys, and am either going to bypass them with film & foil bypass Ceramic capacitors have a tendency towards being microphonic, although a well-built MLCC can have excellent distortion performance. The following Jul 31, 2018 · Table 1 compares properties of film-capacitor types in common use. The type of the capacitor is simply a description of what it is Jul 29, 2004 · What are the differences between metalized polyproprolene and metalised polyester capacitors? I would like to use one type for low frequency roll off but can't decide which is better. Researched the difference on the net, came across an opinion that the polyesters tend to be more fatiguing to listen to, depending on the number of them. How film capacitors work Like all capacitors, metallized film capacitors incorporate metal plates separated by a dielectric. What would you say is my best replacement option? WEE Technology Company Limited - WEE are Capacitors Specialist What is the Difference Between Metallized Polyester Film CL Capacitors and Metallized Polypropylene Film CBB Capacitors Polypropylene film capacitor is an inductive structure, which is made of polypropylene as dielectric and aluminum foil as electrode. the 715, 716, etc are polyproplyene types. They are used in moderately high-frequency circuits and audio and oscillator Oct 27, 2005 · I think that polyester caps in the audio path is more desirable the ceramic caps you might be replacing them with. ' But, when I looked at the Red vs Blue Clarity Caps, I noticed Clarity Caps made a big deal that the more expensive Red Clarity Caps h Jan 21, 2022 · Polyester and metallized film capacitors have very poor temperature characteristics compared to polypropylene film/foil, which means the amplifier tone will change as the amplifier heats up. May 6, 2024 · Motor start/run capacitors are basically just robust versions of standard film capacitors - just about always with a polypropylene dielectric for the required temperature range. Polypropylene capacitors also have high isolation resistance, which makes them a good choice for coupling and/or storage applications. Nov 3, 2002 · So, Polypropylene is better than Polyester, and non-metallized is better than metallized in terms of distortion But is this really a big difference? I mean, if I put a metallized PP in place of regular PP film, will the difference be significant? The dissipation factor of capacitors with a polypropylene dielectric is largely unaffected by temper-ature, whereas polyester capacitors show a characteristic dissipation factor minimum at approx. Why do polyesters cost 50-100 times as much as polypropylenes? What do they do better? Polyester vs polypropylene capacitors Just looking for a 0. Polyester and polypropylene capacitors are two commonly used types of capacitors in electronic circuits, each offering distinct characteristics and advantages. Their reliability makes them a preferred choice for power electronics, high-frequency circuits, and precision Mar 27, 2017 · Capacitors can be highly microphonic, this applies to general purpose ceramics, electrolytic and even some film types. On the page, it said "Standard AC & DC Film Capacitors by Electrocube" but in the list it says: Metallized Polyester, Polyester Foil, Polystyrene Foil, Metallized Polycarbonate, Metallized Polypropylene, Polypropelene Foil Electrical Characteristics: Capacitance, Dissipation Factor, Insulation Resistance, and Dielectric Strength shall be measured as specified in section J "Film Capacitor" typically denotes polyester or polymer film as the dielectric - as another answer points out, metallized film capacitors are the same thing: A metallic coating being applied to an extremely thin polymer film, to create the conducting electrodes of the capacitor. They also have very low inductance in the MLCC chip capacitor form factor. dec Learn more about the different types of capacitors and compare ceramic vs electrolytic capacitors, film vs ceramic capacitors, and others at Jameco Electronics. They come in lots of shapes and sizes but the easiest way to identify them is through the process of Polypropylene capacitors use polypropylene film as their dielectric material, giving them excellent electrical insulation and high durability. Metallized film caps, e. Anyhow, ordinary ceramics are not preferable over May 14, 2014 · In the Linear Audio series, Douglas Self (one of the best known audio engineers, published several goods books) demonstrated clearly the distortion levels of polyester film capacitors, and more int resting how they gradually reform over time (read: less distortion)when they are in service, but jumping back to higher distortion levels when not Jan 29, 2025 · Explore the world of polyester capacitors: their construction, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and diverse applications. Ac applications typically use polypropylene capacitors. so I suppose you mean polyester VS. Mylar capacitors are known for their high dielectric strength and low cost, while polyester film capacitors are known for their higher capacitance values, better temperature stability, and lower ESR. A comparison chart of various film capacitors is shown in Table 1. <P>There's also a choice betwen foil and metallized electrodes (a very thin layer of metal applied directly on the dielectric film). you see this in quite a few caps series where the higher voltages are polyproplyene. Polypropylene capacitors exhibit stable capacitance for frequencies below 100KHz. Dec 25, 2023 · Film vs Ceramic Capacitor - What's the Best One? Our detailed comparison of these two types of capacitors will help you understand the differences between them. This restricts it to hand soldering only by excluding it completely from chip type mounting (no way of controlling heat during soldering). Compare their construction, stability, voltage range, tolerance, and temperature performance to choose the right capacitor for your electronic circuits. Mar 11, 2024 · There are several types of film capacitors including polyester film, metallized film, polypropylene film, polycarbonate film, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, sometimes branded as Teflon) film and polystyrene film. They are used in moderately high-frequency circuits and audio and oscillator What a mess! Lets try to make order in all of this, and to see which capacitors are best suited for our use (guitar pedals). Polypropylene? Polyester is "warmer" since it introduces a small amount of distortion, fine for power supplies, OK for audio if you don't mind some distortion. I would like to use a 4. . Makes me wonder why Oct 7, 2020 · Polyester film capacitors are general-purpose, low-cost film capacitors with the main advantage of excellent stability at higher temperatures (up to 125 °C). Electrolytic capacitors have dielectric absorption on the order of 1. Polyester capacitors are used in blocking, bypassing, decoupling, and some noise suppression circuits. May 18, 2015 · Polyester is "general purpose" capacitor, good enough for most applications and much better then the paper/wax capacitor we are replacing. However, I've read on this forum about someone putting capacitors in the tweeters' wires to protect them (in case someone messes with Film Technologies Capacitor manufacturers can optimize the characteris-tics of metallized film capacitors for specific applications by selecting a suitable dielectric. Polypropylene film capacitors have a higher tolerance than polyester film caps, so use them in place of polyester for applications that require a tighter tolerance. It is the purpose of the capacitor that distinguishes polyester capacitors from polypropylene capacitors. Learn how they compare to other capacitor types. 22uF, 0. 80 °C (at 1 kHz). 47uf) which type should I use? I know I should use Monolithic for bypassing (opamp rails, power stiffener bypass) but what about other applications? Can I safely replace poor ceramic disc caps with Polyester / Monolithic, and which one is better? And what Panasonic, 0. Polyester Polyester is widely used in the production of film capacitors due to its cost-effectiveness and versatility. Feb 1, 2006 · uh Mylar IS a poly cap. So curious to learn more about Polyester vs Polypropylene Capacitors? If yes, then continue reading till the end of this article! What is a Polyester Capacitor? What is a Polyester Capacitor Two metal plates are Feb 4, 2024 · The most widely used types of film capacitors include polyester, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polypropylene, polysulfone, and Teflon capacitors. Polystyrene film caps tend to be in the very small capacitance range, whereas polyester and polypropylene are available Polyester Capacitor with Symbol As compared to other types, the capacitance of polyester capacitors has high for each unit volume that means high capacitance can fit into a small capacitor. The other available dielectrics are polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, metalized paper and Teflon. There are many types of film capacitors, including polyester film, metallized film, polypropylene film, PTFE film and polystyrene film. This feature, together with their relatively low price makes polyester capacitors a widely used, popular, and cheap capacitor. Polyester has low dielectric losses, meaning that it absorbs less energy during a charge and dishcharge cycle. Nov 8, 2024 · Film capacitors use a thin film of dielectric material, such as polypropylene, polyester, or ceramic, to store energy. These capacitors have gained popularity due to their unique combination of properties, which make them suitable for a wide range of Mar 16, 2015 · When the capacitor is used in a tuned circuit, the polypropylene cap will be better, since it has a better tempco and lower loss than the polyester parts. Nov 13, 2024 · Poyester film capacitors are still popular, being physically smaller and cheaper than other film capacitors, but with inferior electrical properties to modern polypropylene and obsolete polystyrene film capacitors. There might be other drawbacks as well. On the pattern of European standards we use in this […] Apr 28, 2015 · What Is a Polymer Capacitor? A polymer capacitor is an electrolytic capacitor that uses a conducting polymer (also called a conductive polymer) for its cathode. In general, ceramic capacitors are somewhat non-linear in their frequency and voltage responses, compared to film Feb 6, 2022 · A very common debate topic between guitar enthusiasts is the impact of capacitor types on the perceived tone. Whether or not a replacement will make any difference depends on how the capacitor is used in the circuit. What about Polyester? sifting through the mouser catalog. These are also known as the green capacitor type widely used in audio devices such as guitar amplifiers. The first two are almost the same, with Polystyrene having a slightly smaller temperature drift. This may be quite good for polyester types, as typical specification data available do not always show comparably low figures. Polyester vs polypropylene capacitors Just looking for a 0. There is no comparison between the two capacitors in terms of their performance. Polyester Capacitors: A Detailed Comparison Capacitor Comparison Polypropylene and polyester capacitors are both popular film capacitors, yet they possess distinct characteristics that make them suitable for different applications. ceramic? by e-grad » Mon Apr 16, 2012 3:24 am jonbstevens wrote: Should i be breaking out the solder sucker and replacing the film caps i've used with ceramics? I don't see any reason for doing so since decoupling caps are no part of the audio path. 15 percent. Feb 19, 2025 · Polypropylene capacitors generally offer better performance than polyester ones in terms of lower electrical losses and higher insulation resistance. Cross-section comparing the internal structure of ceramic capacitor and film capacitor The core of a ceramic capacitor is the ceramic dielectric. There's at least two cohorts of guitar enthusiasts. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The metalized polypropylene unit is extremely good in terms of DA with a measured figure which compares quite well with the manufacturer's data. For example, polyester films display good properties for general-purpose applications. 3 POLYESTER CAPACITORS (PET)/ KT and MKT Sometimes polyester capacitors are called Mylar. ) and metal foils. The abbreviation PET above comes from Poly Ethylene Terephtalate (also abbreviated PETP). Polyester, Box & Metal Film capacitors are your middle-value capacitors and will be measured in nanofarads (nF). The conductor is tinned copper clad steel wire and epoxy polypropylene film These capacitors are made by combining polyester and polypropylene films to create a hybrid capacitor that offers the benefits of both materials. Film capacitors, together with ceramic capacitors and electrolytic capacitors, are the most common capacitor types for use in electronic equipment, and are used in many AC and DC microelectronics and electronics circuits. Polypropylene have somewhat better characteristics, they are superior in almost every aspect except that they are somewhat bigger and usually more expensive. Polyester: Known as many The main difference between Mylar capacitor and other capacitors is that they use Polyester. This seems to cause a lot of confusion because people often lump an Orange Drop capacitor as a cap used in a Fender type amp only. Aug 21, 2004 · "Orange Drops" (Sprague trademark, now made by SBE Electronics in a former Sprague factory) can be either polyester (Mylar) or polypropylene. Each dielectric has advantages and disadvantages which need to be considered when selecting a capacitor. 1uf 100v capacitor for my tone pot. The Wima MKP are good caps. Jul 22, 2009 · Really nothing wrong with polyester, especially for vintage amps. Capacitors exhibit several modes of distortion, with some of the better types like c0g and good film like polypropylene, polystyrene this can be low enough to ignore. This is the “high dielectric” types (X7R etc). Some of these cursed individuals even appear to experience excruciating pain when their ears are exposed to sound from mediocre audio circuits. They are further used in switched mode power supplies, electronic ballasts and snubber applications, in frequency discrimination and filter circuits as well as in energy storage, and sample and hold applications. When tested, other 1-μF film capacitors with polyester and polypropylene dielectrics and higher voltage ratings did not significantly deviate from the performance shown in Figure 4. Feb 17, 2024 · Polypropylene (PP) and Polyester (polyester terephthalate, or PET) are established as the most widely used plastic films for capacitors for decades. Mylar is the trademarked name for polyester. Polypropylene capacitors are typically used in AC and pulse applications at high frequencies and in DC-Link capacitors. The most common film dielectric is polyester (Mylar). Every one says not to use the polypropylene but that is the one that most places sale. Feb 8, 2025 · Learn the key differences between polyester and polypropylene capacitors. Each of these has its own characteristic properties, making them a preferred choice for specific applications. Source: Douglas Self, The Design of Active Crossovers. Capacitors used in high-frequency applications are made PVC: Available in a wide range of color options, the surface can have Nov 22, 2005 · Using a capacitor to protect tweeter ; polyester vs. For a capacitor that's trying to pass a sine wave, IE charging and discharging 10000 times a second, that's bad. Polypropylene is used to manufacture capacitors for high-frequency applications. 01 uF, 50V, 1%, polyester (Mylar)- an escaped aerospace component of excellent construction Apr 19, 2003 · The metalized polyester unit is far better than either electrolytic, measuring less than 0. This section provides a detailed side-by-side comparison to help you choose the right capacitor for your needs, focusing on performance Sep 9, 2005 · Which is better, bypassing polypropolyne caps with high quality film and foils (with . The tempco is actually negative for the polypropylene caps. Feb 22, 2024 · Conventionally, capacitors are made with two layers of dielectric film (PP, PET, PC etc. mzf gwjxvqg ropjq qrbjkn eohhlu kwtg srgiway wcpgw tewdasp tzgon
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